What is Tirzepatide? Tirzepatide is a once-weekly dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that integrates the actions of both incretins into a single novel molecule. GIP is a hormone that may complement the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In preclinical models, GIP has been shown to decrease food intake and […]Read More

What is Semaglutide? GLP-1, short for glucagon-like peptide-1 is a short, naturally occurring peptide hormone just 30-31 amino acids in length. Its primary physiologic function is to lower blood sugar levels by naturally enhancing insulin secretion. It also plays roles in protection beta cell insulin stores by promoting insulin gene transcription and has been linked […]Read More

How To Store Peptides Best Practices For Storing Peptides To preserve the integrity of laboratory results, proper storage of peptides is essential. Correct storage practices can maintain peptides for years and guard against contamination, oxidation, and degradation that may render your peptides, and therefore experiments, useless. While some peptides are more susceptible to degradation than […]Read More

Peptide vs. Protein What are the Differences? Peptides and proteins, while similar in many regards, have several key differences that are important to understand. Oftentimes the terms “peptide” and “protein” are used synonymously, but differing characteristics and biological activities between the two compounds prevent the terms from being totally interchangeable. To fully appreciate the differences […]Read More

What Is PT-141? PT-141 is a heavily modified derivative of a natural hormone called alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In the most general sense, PT-141 works directly through the nervous system to increase sexual desire, arousal, and satisfaction. It does this by mimicking some, but not all, of the properties of α-MSH. To understand in more detail […]Read More

What are mitochondria? Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are small, often between 0.75 and 3 micrometers and are not visible under the […]Read More

What Is MT1 (Melanotan 1)? Melanotan 1 (MT1) and its counterpart melanotan 2 (MT2) are synthetic derivatives of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH). Both peptides bind to melanocortin receptors to produce a variety of interesting effects. Of note, both MT1 and MT2 have an impact on melanin expression and thus skin pigmentation. Both also affect sexual […]Read More

What Is MT2 (Melanotan 2)? The melanocortin system consists of five seven-transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled (GPCRs) receptors (MC1R-MC5R), the endogenous agonists a-, B- and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the endogenous antagonists Agouti and Agouti-related protein (AGRP). The melanocortins are a group of small protein hormones derived by post-translational cleavage of the […]Read More

What Is LL-37? LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin, which is a large protein family with diverse function. These peptides, which are primarily found in macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (both types of white blood cell), are important for killing bacteria, but have been found to have other dramatic effects as well. The entire class […]Read More

What Is Ipamorelin? In the world of anti-aging research, a handful of peptides have become superstars. Ipamorelin is one of those peptides. This short peptide is just five amino acids in length, but is one of the most selective growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonists known. This means that ipamorelin research has been shown to help […]Read More